## Tuesday, February 18, 2020

### Number Facts for Every Year Day (61-90) from On This Day in Math

The 61st Day of the Year:The 61st Fibonacci number (2,504,730,781,961) is the smallest Fibonacci number which contains all the digits from 0 to 9 *Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip (are there others that contain only the first 2, 3 .. 9 digits? ie 21 has 1,2 but 121393 has 1,2,3 but also a 9. Is there any that contain ONLY 1,2,3 or 1,2,3,4 etc?)

In 1657, Fermat challenged the mathematicians of Europe and England, "We await these solutions, which, if England or Belgic or Celtic Gaul do not produce, then Narbonese Gaul (Fermat's region) will." Among the challenges was this 500-year-old example from Bhaskara II: x2 - 61y2 = 1 (x, y > 0). *Prime Curios

Among all the primes less than 10^9, the final two digits most common is 61.

As a prime number of the form 4n+1, 61 can be written as the sum of two squares in only one way, 5^2+6^2 .

61# (read 61 primorial, the product of 61 and all lesser primes) is the smallest Primorial that is Pandigital (Contains all the numerals 0-9). Guess you could say it is the most Petite Primorial Pandigital.

If you multiply 61 by its digit reversal, 16, and then add one, you get a prime.  The smallest multidigit prime for which this is true.

The smallest prime that can be written as the sum of a prime number of primes to prime powers in a prime number of ways: 2^2 + 2^3 + 7^2,  2^2 + 5^2 + 2^5, and 3^2 + 5^2 + 3^3.*Prime Curios

If you divide 61! by 16! and add one, you get a prime number which has a prime number of digits and a prime sum of its digits.  If instead you multiply them, and subtract 1, you get another prime with a prime sum of digits.  *Prime Curios

And if you start searching pi at the 61st digit after the decimal point, you will find a string of  all ten distinct numerals.

The reciprocal of 61 has a repeating decimal of length 60. 1/61 = 0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459... Primes, p, with reciprocals of length p-1; have the unique property that the first n/2 digits have a 9's compliment in the same position of the next n/2 digits (for a simple example, 1/7 = .142857..   and 1+8=4+5=2+7 = 9  ) Joshua Zucker corrected me for calling this "unique", as there are other primes with periods less than n-1 that share this property of compliments, 1/13 for example.  By the way, that reciprocal is the smallest prime with the same equal numbers of all ten numerals.

If you take the five consecutive primes from 61 to 79, and arrange them in a 3x3 square matrix, then the rows and columns sum to three more consecutive primes ( 199, 211, 223) *Prime Curios
 *Prime  Curios

If A=1,... Z=26, then the word PRIME is prime. (P+R+I+M+E --> 16+18+9+13+5 =61 61 is the exponent of the 9th Mersenne prime.(261 − 1 = 2,305,843,009,213,693,951)  (But amazingly, somehow Mersenne omitted this exponent in his list of conjectured primes.

Sixty-one has no repeat letters, and if you spell out any larger prime in English, you will never find another with no repeated letters.

61 is also a Keith number, because it recurs in a Fibonacci-like sequence started from its base 10 digits: 6, 1, 7, 8, 15, 23, 38, 61.. (Keith numbers were introduced by Mike Keith in 1987 who called them repfigit number, short for repetitive Fibonacci-like digit). They are computationally very challenging to find, with only about 100 known.)
AND the 61st Fibonacci number, is the first Pandigital Fibonacci Number, 2504730781961.
AND no odd Fibonacci number is divisible by 61.

On June 30, of 2012, a Leap Second was added to the clock, and created a minute with 61 seconds.

The 62nd Day of the Year:
62 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of 3 distinct squares in 2 ways. (Students might try to find the smallest number that can be written as the sum of 2 distinct squares in 2 ways)

In base 10, 62 is also the only number whose cube (238328) consists of 3 digits each occurring 2 times

The prime factorization of 62 is 2*31. There are only two numbers whose prime factorization uses only the first three counting numbers once each in its digits.  The other is its digit reversal, 26 = 2*13

If you average the first n digits of pi after the decimal point, sometimes the average is an integer (for example, 1+4+1 = 6 and 6/3 = 2 so the first three digits work). 62 digits is the highest known number of digits that work. There is actually a good reason for this, the digits of pi are essentially random, and so they would average 4.5 in the long run. While small numbers may vary more from this value, eventually the values will approach 4.5 within a boundary of less than 1/2, so no integers.

62 is the largest known even number that cannot be expressed as the sum of two odd semiprimes. The sum of the prime factors of this semiprime, 62, gives the largest known number that cannot be expressed as the sum of any two semiprimes.

The digits 62 occur at the 61st & 62nd digits of phi, φ; AND The 61st & 62nd digits of e.

and 62 is supposedly the age at which Aristotle died.

If you start at the beginning of Pi3.14... the 62nd digit begins a string of  all ten distinct numerals.

62 in base ten is a repdigit in bases 5 (2225)

And if you ever want to visit Possum Trot, Ky, just get on US 62, and watch for the sign... but don't blink.

The 63rd Day of the Year:
in Roman Numerals 63 is LXIII. If you represent each of these letters by its number in the English alphabet you get 12+24+9+9+9=63. (There is one more number that has this quality.)

At right, in honor of my many students from Misawa, Aomorishi, Japan, is Print 63 of Utagawa Hiroshige's 100 views of Edo (Koi No Bori)

$$\phi(63) = 36$$  The number of positive integers which are less than 63 and relatively prime to it.

63 can be expressed as powers of its digits, $$6^2 + 3^3 = 63$$

63 is the Fourth Woodall Number.  Numbers of the form n*2<sup>n</sup>-1.  63 = 4*2,sup>4</sup> -1 Woodall Numbers were used in the study of testing prime numbers.  There is only one more Woodall Number that is a Day of the Year.

The Five Factorials Game, 2! * 5! / 3! + 4! - 1! = 63

63 is the smallest whole number that can be divided by any number from 1 to 9 without repeating decimals. (What's Next?)

The 64th Day of the Year:
64 is the smallest power of two with no prime neighbor. (What is next value of 2n with no prime neighbor?)

64 is also the first whole number that is both a perfect square and a perfect cube.

The sixth Fermat Prime, 2^64 +1 was factored by F. Landry in 1880 as the product of 274177 and 67280421310721.  The next Fermat Prime would not be factored until 1970.

There were 64 disks in Eduard Lucas' myth about the Towers of Hanoi.  64 is also the number of hexagrams in the I Ching, and the number of sexual positions in the Kama Sutra. (I draw no conclusions about that information)

There are 64 ordered permutations of nonempty subsets of {1,..., 4}: Eighteenth-  and nineteenth-century combinatorialists call this the number of  (nonnull) "variations" of 4 distinct objects.
64 is the smallest number with exactly seven divisors.

64 is the smallest square that creates two primes if concatenated with its previous and next squares, i.e., 6449, 6481.*Prime Curios

64 is also the smallest square without a prime neighbor.

64 is a superperfect number—a number such that σ(σ(n)) = 2n. The sum of the divisors (including itself) of 64 is 127, and the sum of the divisors of 127, 1 and 127, add up to 128= 2*64. It is the last Year Day that is Super-Perfect.

And I was told that 64 is the maximum number of strokes used in a Kanji character.

The 65th Day of the Year:
65 is the smallest hypotenuse of two different primitive Pythagorean triangles (and of two other triangles that are not primitive) with all integral sides. (Don't just sit there, find them!)  65 is a 4n+1 semiprime that is factorable into a pair of 4n+1 primes.

Primes of the form 4n+1 can always be formed as the sum of two squares.  Primes can only be expressed as such a sum in one way.  Since 65 is a semiprime  number with two 4n+1 Fermat Prime factors, it can be expressed as the sum of two squares in two ways. 8^2 + 1^2 = 65 = 7^2 + 4^2

And $$65 = 1^5 + 2^4 + 3^3 + 4^2 + 5^1$$ *jim wilder ‏@wilderlab

65 is the constant of a 5x5 normal magic square. A magic square with the integers 1 through 25 has a sum of 65 in each row, column, and major diagonal.

Euler found 65 integers, which he called "numeri idonei," that could be used to prove the primality of certain numbers.[idoneal numbers (also called suitable numbers or convenient numbers) are the positive integers D such that any integer expressible in only one way as $$x^2 ± Dy^2$$ (where x2 is relatively prime to Dy2) is a prime, prime power, twice one of these, or a power of 2. In particular, a number that has two distinct representations as a sum of two squares (such as 65) is composite. Every idoneal number generates a set containing infinitely many primes and missing infinitely many other primes.]

The Five Factorials Game, 2! * 5! / 3! + 4! + 1! = 65

65 is the difference of fourth powers of two consecutive  primes. And a note about fourth powers of primes.  For any prime greater than five, the last digits of a p^4 either ends in an odd digit followed by six, or an even digit follwed by one.

65 = 15 + 24 + 33 + 42 + 51.

The 66th Day of the Year:
there are 66 different 8-polyiamonds (A generalization of the polyominoes using a collection of equal-sized equilateral triangles (instead of squares) arranged with coincident sides.)

Route 66,  known as the Main Street of America was dubbed the "Mother Road" by novelist John Steinbeck, The strobogrammatic partner of 66 is 99, and the Former US 99 was dubbed the "Mother Road" of California during the dust bowl era.

66 is the smallest strobogrammatic number that shares a strobogrammatic factor with its partner, 99.

66 is the smallest even number for which the sum of its divisors are a fourth power.

If you wrote out all the numbers on a 12 hour clock, (HrMin, so 6:03 would be 603, etc.), there would be 66 of them that are prime.

The smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of two two-digit primes, each ending with the digit three, in two different ways (66 = 13 + 53 = 23 + 43)  and the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two primes in six different ways.

66 is the largest day number of the year which does not have a letter "e" in its English spelling.

Sixty-six is the 19th such numbers in the year, but the next number without an "e" is 2000.

6 is a triangular number, and 66 is as well, and, Oh Heck Yeah, 666 is too....

Sixty Six is an unincorporated community in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. Sixty Six is located along U.S. Route 21, north of Branchville.

66 is a semi-perfect number, since some subset of it's proper divisors add up to 66.(11+22+33=66 there is another way to do it also )

And just to conjure up one more variant on the number of the beast, 666, there are exactly 66 six-digit primes with distinct non-prime digits.

The 67th Day of the Year:
67 is the largest prime which is not the sum of distinct squares.

Mersenne thought 2^67 - 1 was prime.; In 1867 Lucas proved that it was not prime, but could not find the factors.  It was not until October 31, 1903 that Frank Nelson Cole found the factors.  ;During Cole's so-called "lecture", he approached the chalkboard and in complete silence proceeded to calculate the value of M67 with the result being 147,573,952,589,676,412,927. Cole then moved to the other side of the board and wrote 193,707,721 × 761,838,257,287, and worked through the tedious calculations by hand. Upon completing the multiplication and demonstrating that the result equaled M67 Cole returned to his seat, not having uttered a word during the hour-long presentation. His audience greeted the presentation with a standing ovation. Cole later admitted that finding the factors had taken "three years of Sundays." *Wik

It is the 19th prime number and the sum of five consecutive primes ending in 19 (7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19)

The maximum number of internal pieces possible if a circle is cut with eleven lines. These are sometimes called "lazy caterer's numbers." $$67 = \binom{11}{0} + \binom {11} {1} + \binom {11}{2}$$

67 is also the smallest prime which contains all ten digits when raised to the tenth power. *Prime Curios
67^10 =1822837804551761449

67 in Roman Numerals if  LXVII.  If you evaluate that using the a=1, b=2 method, the sum LXVII = 76, the reversal of the digits of 67.

67 is the largest known prime for which 2^p does not contain any zeros.

and Jim Wilder ‏@wilderlab sent 67 = 26 + 21+ 20 = 26 + 21 + 20 = 67

And one smoot is equal to 67 inches.

Foucault's Famous Pendulum had a length of 67 meters. You can see it now in the Beautiful Museum of Arts and Crafts.

67 is palindromic in the consecutive bases 5 (2325) and 6 (1516).

The 68th Day of the Year:
if you searched through pi for all the two digit numbers, the last one you would find is 68. The string 68 begins at position 605 counting from the first digit after the decimal point. (What is the last single digit numeral to appear? One might wonder how far out the string would you have to go to find all possible three digit numbers? )

68 is the largest known number to be the sum of two primes in exactly two different ways:

68=7+61=31+37.  All higher even numbers that have been checked are the sum of three or more pairs of primes

68 is a stobogrammatic number, rotated it is 89. Some consider only invertible numbers (rotated they form the same value, like 181) as strobograms. HT to Paul O'Malley  By the way, it's the smallest composite number with a prime strobogrammatic partner.

There are exactly 68 ten digit binary numbers in which each digit is the same as one of it's adjacent digits.

68 is the smallest composite number that can be read as a prime number when it is rotated 180o HT Jim Wilder @wilderlab.

And a historical oddity, in 46 BCE, as a result of Julius Caesar's Calendar adjustment, there were 68 days inserted between November and December.
68 is also a Happy number since 68 → 6^2 + 8^2 = 100 → 1^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 = 1

The 69th Day of the Year:
the square and the cube of 69 together contain all ten numerals. 692 = 4761, 693 =328509

1069+69 is prime and; 10069-69 is prime

On Many scientific calculators, 69! is the largest factorial that can be calculated, with an overflow error for larger numbers. 69! is appx 1.711 (1098)

Don S. McDonald ‏@McDONewt pointed out that $$\binom{69}{5}$$ = 11238513, 7 Fibonacci #'s almost in order.

69 is a strobogrammatic pair with itself. It is the smallest such number with distinct numbers.Reversing the order of its digits gives 96, another strobogrammatic self-pair.

The first squared square to be found was a square filled with 69 different smaller squares. ( electrical network theory was used to make the discovery, previously most mathematicians felt that were not likely to be any squared squares see Jan 21)..  The first squared square was published in 1938 by Roland Sprague who found a solution using several copies of various squared rectangles and produced a squared square with 55 squares, and side lengths of 4205
No squared square can be made with less than 21 squares(shown below)
 Lowest-order perfect squared square *Wik

The 70th Day of the Year:
70 is the smallest "Weird" number. In number theory, a weird number is a natural number that is abundant but not semiperfect. In other words, the sum of the proper divisors (divisors including 1 but not itself) of the number is greater than the number, but no subset of those divisors sums to the number itself.

All the primes in the 70's, are emirps, primes that are still prime when you reverse the order of the digits, 71----17 etc.

270 = 1180591620717411303424. The sum of the digits is 70, and if you reverse the order, 424303114717026195081,  it is a prime #.

$$1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + 24^2 = 70^2$$  Such numbers are called Square Pyramidal Numbers (This one actually has a relationship to the Leech Lattice and String Theory)

Several languages, especially ones with vigesimal number systems, do not have a specific word for 70: for example, French soixante-dix "sixty-ten"; Danish halvfjerds, short for halvfjerdsindstyve "three and a half score". (For French, this is true only in France; other French-speaking regions such as Belgium, Switzerland, Aosta Valley and Jersey use septante.) *Wik

The 71st Day of the Year:
712=5041 = 7! +1! *Prime Curios  4! +1, and 5!+1 are also squares but not the factorial of the digits. Whether there is a larger value of n for which n! + 1 is a perfect square is still an open question, called the Brocard problem after Henri Brocard who asked it in 1876. It has been proven that no other numbers exist less than 109. *Professor Stewart's Incredible Numbers     Cliff Pickover, wrote that 71 is the largest known prime, p, such that p2 is the sum of distinct factorials.

71 is the first two decimal digits of the expression of e=2.718281828459045...

If you examine the first nine multiples of 125 you will notice something interesting, NO NINES! *Prime Curios

71 is the largest number that occurs as a prime factor of the order of a sporadic group.*Wik

71 is the first of three consecutive primes that are all still primes when their digits are reversed.  (is there another such occurance?)

and too good to leave out, 71 is the only two-digit number n such that (nn-n!)/n is prime. *Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip (Be the first on your block to find a three digit example.)

All the primes in the 70's, are emirps, primes that are still prime when you reverse the order of the digits, 71----17 etc.

In 1935, Erdős and Szekeres proved that 71 points (no three on a single line) are required to guarantee there are six that form a convex hexagon, although 17 points are thought to be sufficient. (In 1998, the upper bound was reduced to 37.) *Prime Curios

713=357,911 where the digits are the odd numbers 3 to 11 in order * ‏@Mario_Livio

713 is also the only cube of a 2-digit number that ends in 11.  There is only one 1digit cubed that ends in 1, and only one three digit cubed that ends in 111(Don't just sit there children, go find them!). Could there be a four digit cube that ends in 1111

The sum of all the prime numbers up to, and including 71 is not prime, but it is divisible by 71. (This works for 5 as well, are there others?) 71 will also divide the sum of all the primes smaller than 71.  It is the smallest such prime to be a proper divisor of the sum of all smaller primes.

71 is expressible as the sum of successive composite numbers in two ways, 22 + 23 + 24 = 71 = 35 + 36 There are no smaller numbers for which this is true. It is also the sum of three consecutive primes, 19 + 23 + 29

A 71-digit prime is formed by intertwining the even (from 2 to 40) and the odd (from 1 to 39) numbers (214365...374039) *Prime Curios By my calculation the only smaller such prime is the four digit 2143

71 is the largest prime p that humans will ever discover such that 2p doesn't contain the digit 9. *Cliff Pickover (I do wonder how they go about proving such facts.)

The sum of the prime numbers up to 71 is 639=9*71

The smallest prime that remains prime when inserting one, two, three, or four zeros between each digit. *Prime Curios So 701, 7001, 70001, and 700001 are all prime.  Students might search for numbers that can include one zero, or two, etc.

The 72nd Day of the Year:
72 is a pronic, heteromecic, or oblong number (and sometimes pronic is spelled promic). They are numbers that are the product of two consecutive integers Oblong numbers have the property that if they are used in infinite nested radicals, they produce an integer, $$\sqrt(72+\sqrt(72+\sqrt(72+...))) = 9$$

72 is the smallest number whose fifth power is the sum of five smaller fifth powers: $$19^5 + 43^5 + 46^5 + 47^5 + 67^5 = 72^5$$.

The rule of 72 was once a commonly used approximation in banking and finance for the time it took an investment to double at r%. For a 5% investment, the approximate period would be 72/5 = 14.4 years. The rule applies to compound interest. The rule is based on an approximation of ln(2) = .693..

In a plane, the regular pentagon has exterior angles of 72o

The Rhombicuboctahedron or Great Rhombicuboctahedron is an Archimedian solid that has 72 edges. It has 12 faces that are squares, 8 faces that are hexagons, and six faces that are octagons, for a total of 26 faces in all. Knowing the number of edges and faces, good students can calculate the number of vertices using Euler's Gem. (there is a lesser Rhombicuboctahedron or just Cubicuboctahedron which is a faceted version of the greater)

72 the sum of four consecutive primes (13 + 17 + 19 + 23), as well as the sum of six consecutive primes (5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19). Good plane geometry students know that the exterior angles of a regular pentagon measure 72 degrees each.

72 is 23+ 32. Is is the smallest such number where the numbers are distinct primes.

72 is the smallest number whose fifth power is the sum of five smaller fifth powers: 195 + 435 + 465 + 475 + 675 = 725.*Wik

In typography, point sizes are measured in 1/72 of an inch, 72-point characters are 1 inch tall.

72 is the smallest number that can be expressed as the difference of the squares of consecutive primes in two distinct ways: {192 - 172} and {112 - 72}

 Today, have your Pi(e) both ways!
The 73rd Day of the Year
On non-leap years, the 73rd year day is Pi Day, March 14. 73 first occurs in the 299th digit of Pi, well behind its prime pair partner 71, which appears in the 39th position.

73 is the alphanumeric value of the word NUMBER: 14 + 21 + 13 + 2 + 5 + 18 = 73  a prime number*Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip;

Expressing 73 as four 4's using the original rules of using only the four basic arithmetic functions with parentheses and concatenation has not been solved. It is one of the most difficult primes under any of the rule sets I know. (You can find a short history of the Four 4's problem here

73 is the largest prime day of the year so that you can append another digit and make another prime six times, 73, 739, 7393, 73939, 739391, 7393913, and 73939133.

73 is the smallest prime that can be expressed as the sum of three cubes, 1^3 + 2^3 + 4^3 =73
The prime number 73 is the repunit 111 in octal (base 8) and the palindrome 1001001 in binary (base 2)*Prime Curios

Fans of the Big Bang Theory on TV know that Leonard refers to 73 as the "Chuck Norris of Numbers"  After Sheldon points out that : 73 is the 21st prime, and it's mirror image 37 is the 12th prime. This enigma is the only known such combination.

Sheldon failed to mention that 73 is also the 37th odd number. And it's interesting that this is the only known emirp pair where one is one less than twice the other.

And 73 is the smallest prime factor of a googol + 1 *Prime Curios

73^3 =343= (3+4)^3

If you want to represent all numbers as a sum of sixth powers, at times you will need to use at least six of them.

A good time to introduce you student's to a nice way to find many digits of pi, ( pick a relatively close apppx of pi (I'll use 2.5) and call it x, then x+ sin(x) is a better approximation, and repeating continues to give more and more digits of pi up to limits of calculator For 2.5 we get 3.098 -> 3.14157 -> 3.141592654 .  (student's might be challenged for why (and when) this works).

Thomas Jefferson ran against Aaron Burr for president, and they both got 73 votes.

The sum of the first 73 odd primes, is divisible by 73

73 = *^2 + 8^1 + 8^0

The smallest prime that divides a 7-digit number of the form p0p,

73 is the smallest prime factor of  A Googol +1

The 73rd triangular number is equal to 73 times the reversal of 73, *Prime Curios
73*37=2701 = the sum of the integers from 1 to 73

There are exactly 73 primes, beginning with the prime 1093 and ending with the prime 1613, where 10932 + 10972 + ... + 16132 = 117072. This is the first instance of a prime number of primes comprising the left member of such an equation.

The smallest prime that is the middle term of three consecutive numbers each expressible as a sum of two nonzero squares: 72 = 62 + 62 ; 73 = 32 + 82 ; 74 = 52 + 72. *Prime Curios

And of course, for Pi Day, we need the world's most accurate Pi Chart

The 74th Day of the Year
74 is related to an open question in mathematics since 742 + 1 is prime. Hardy and Littlewood conjectured that asymptotic number of elements in this sequence, primes = n2 + 1, not exceeding n is approximately $$c \frac {\sqrt{n}} {log(n)}$$ for some constant c. There was a \$1000 prize for best solution to an open sequence during 2015 and submitting it to OEIS, details here

74 is the sum of the squares of two consecutive prime numbers. 5^2 + 7^2 Euler pointed out that any number that is twice a number that is the sum of two squares, will also be the sum of two squares.

A hungry number is number in the form 2n  that eats as much pi as possible, for example 25 is the smallest power of two that contains a 3.  The smallest power that contains the first three digits of pi, 314 is 274 (eating e seems much harder for powers of 2). Students might explore hungry numbers with other bases

22796996699 is the 999799787th prime. Note that the sum of digits of the nth prime equals the sum of digits of n, and both sum to 74.  The number 74 is the largest known digit sum with this property (as of August 2004). *Prime Curios

There are 74 different non-Hamiltonian polyhedra with a minimum number of vertices. A Hamiltonian Polyhedra, like the Dodecahedron, is a polyhedron that has a connected circuit along the 20 vertices using distinct edges.  Hamilton created a game he called the Icosian game whose object was to find the path. He used pegboard holes on the planer graph of the dodecagon. Every Platonic solid, and many others polyhedra, have a Hamiltonian cycle
 *Wik

The 75th Day of the Year:
the aliquot divisors of 75 are 1,3,5,15, and 25. Their sum is a perfect square, 49. Their product is also a perfect square, 5625. (Can you find other numbers with this property?)

75 is also the larger of the smallest pair of betrothed (quasi-amicable) numbers. 48 and 75 are a betrothed pair since the sum of the proper divisors of 48 is 76 and 75+1 = 76 and the sum of the proper divisors of 75 is 49, with 48+1=49. (There is only a single other pair of betrothed numbers that can be a year day)

75 and 76 form the first pair of adjacent numbers in base ten which are NOT a palindrome in any base $$2 \leq b \leq 10$$

275 + 75 is prime

75 is a Keith # or repfigit (75 appears in a Fibonacci-like sequence created by its digits) 7, 5, 12, 17, 29, 46, 75 ...  (75 is the sixth of seven year days which are repfigits.  Can you find the others?)

If you count all the ways 4 competitors can rank in a competition, allowing for the possibility of ties, there are 75 such possible rankings.
These are called Fubini Numbers, named for Italian mathematician Guido Fubini.

The 76th Day of the Year:

76 is an automorphic number because the square of 76 ends in 76. (5 and 6 are automorphic because 52 ends in five and 62 ends in six). There is one other two digit automorphic number (it should be easy to find) but can you find the three digit ones?

76= 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 the sum of four consecutive Fibonacci numbers

76 is the number of 6 X 6 symmetric permutation matrices.

Seventy Six is an unincorporated community in Clinton County, Kentucky, United States. Seventy Six is 6.9 miles north of Albany( and 46 miles west of 88, ky.). Its post office has been closed.

76 can be partitoned into distinct prime integers in 76 ways.  There are no other such numbers. *Prime Curios.  (3 + 73 for example, is one such partition)

and, of course, 76 Trombones Led the Big Parade

The 77th Day of the Year
77 is the only number less than 100 with a multiplicative persistence of 4. Can you find the next? (Multiply all the digits of a number n, repeating with the product until a single digit is obtained. The number of steps required is known as the multiplicative persistence, and the final digit obtained is called the multiplicative digital root of n.) There is not another year day that will have a multiplicative persistence greater than four. [7x7=49, 4x9=36, 3x6=18, 1x8=8]

772 is the smallest square number that can be the sum of consecutive squares greater than 1, $$sum_{k=18}^{28}k^2 = 77^2$$  77^2 = 5929, the concatenation of two primes.

The concatenation of all palindromes from one up to 77 is prime.

77 is equal to the sum of three consecutive squares, $$4^2 + 5^2 + 6^2= 77$$ and also the sum of the first 8 primes. *Prime Curios

77 is the sum of the first eight primes, and the sum of three consecutive squares.

77 is the the number of digits of the 12th perfect number. It was discovered in 1876 by Eduoard Lucas.  The largest day year that is the number of digits of a prefect number only occurs on a leap year,  It is the 14th perfect number. It was discovered in 1951 by Raphael M. Robinson (1911-1995), who also discovered four others in the same year. He is perhaps more famous as the husband of Julia Robinson.

Shortly after John D. Cook published an article on Stewart's Cube, (see Day 83)  he got a response from Austin Buchanan who lowered the vertex sums to 77.
" I wondered if Stewart’s cube achieved its structure in the cheapest way. I considered two objectives: (1) minimize the sum of the edges incident to a vertex, and (2) minimize the weight of the worst edge. In both cases, the following cube is optimal.
It improves the first objective from 83 to 77, and the second objective from 61 to 53. To solve the problems, I modeled them as integer programs, and used Gurobi as solver. I’m currently running code for higher-dimensional cubes."

77! + 1 is prime.  77 is the 9th year day for with this attribute, but it is the first composite number for which this is true.

77 is the largest number that cannot be written as the sum of distinct numbers whose sum adds to one.

It is possible for a sudoku puzzle to have as many as 77 givens, yet lack a unique solution.

77 and 78 form the fourth Ruth-Aaron pair, named for the number of home runs hit by Babe Ruth, 714, and the number when Aaron broke the record, 715 (he hit more afterward).  They are consecutive numbers that have the same sums of their prime factors (77 = 7*11, 78 = 2*3*13, and 7+11 = 2+3+13).

The 78th Day of the Year
78 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of 4 distinct squares in 3 ways.  *What's Special About This Number

78 is the sum of the first twelve integers, and thus a triangular number.

The cube of 78 is equal to the sum of three distinct cubes, 783 = 393 + 523 + 653
(Historically, it seems Ramanujan was inspired by a much smaller such triplet 63 = 33 + 43 + 53

77 and 78 form the fourth Ruth-Aaron pair, named for the number of home runs hit by Babe Ruth, 714, and the number when Aaron broke the record, 715 (he hit more afterward).  They are consecutive numbers that have the same sums of their prime factors (77 = 7*11, 78 = 2*3*13, and 7+11 = 2+3+13).

78, is a sphenic number, having 3 distinct prime factors. (A good word for students to learn) 78=2*3*13

78 is the 12th Triangular number, the sum of the digits from 1 to 12.

78 is a palindromic number in bases 5 (3035, and base 7 (141>7 (77 which is a palindrome itself, is not a palindrome in any smaller base.

78 is the number of cards in a tarot deck containing the 21 trump cardsand the 56 suit cards. *Wik

The 79th Day of the Year:

79 is the smallest prime whose sum of digits is a fourth power. *Prime Curios

78*79 = 6162 (note that the product of consecutive numbers produces a number that is the concatenation of two successive numbers 61 and 62 in ascending order (and 61 is prime).  (Can you find another number, not necessarily prime, so that n(n-1)= a concatenation of consecutive numbers?)

79 = 27 - 72

79 is the smallest number that can not be represented with less than 19 fourth-powers. (Before you read blythly on, there are three more year days that also require the sum of 19 fourth-powers... find one.)

Each of the numbers 1 to 79 gives a larger number when you write out its English name and add the letters using a=1, b=2, c=3, ... (but 80 gives 74)*Prime Curios

79 = 11 + 31 + 37. Curiously, the sum holds for the reversals: 97 = 11 + 13 + 73, and all are primes.

On page 79 of the novel Contact by Carl Sagan, it says that no astrophysical process is likely to generate prime numbers.*Prime Curios

279 is the smallest power of 2 which is greater than Avogadro's number

79 is the largest number as the sum of the product of two successive primes.

1079 has been called the "Universe number" because it is considered a reasonable lower limit estimate for the number of atoms in the observable universe.  *Prime Curios

279 is the smallest power of 2 which is greater than Avogadro's number (6.0221367*10^23).  *Prime Curios

79 is an Emirp, a prime whose digit reversal is another prime.  and which is the sum of three other Emirps, and also true for the sum of their reversals 79 = 11 + 31 + 37and  97 = 11 + 13 + 73.

279 = 604462909807314587353088 is the smallest pandigital number of the form 2 to the power of prime.*Prime Curios

There are 79 ways to place four non-attacking chess kings on a 4 × 4 board.

The 80th Day of the Year:
There are 80 four-digit primes which are concatenations of two-digit primes. (3137 is one example, can you find the rest?) *Prime Curios!

80 in Roman Numerals is not suitable for minors, LXXX,

The Pareto principle (sometimes called the 80-20 rule) says that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes, ie, $$\approx 80\%$$ of the accidents are caused by 20% of the drivers.

$$n*2^{n-1}$$ gives the number of edges (segments) in a n-dimensional cube, and in the 5th dimension, (went there once in a dream) there are 80 edges,  5*24
(It also has eighty two-dimensional square faces.)

And 80 is the smallest number diminished by taking its sum of letters (writing out its English name and adding the letters using a=1, b=2, c=3, ...) *Tanya Khovanova

In 1719 Paul Halcke showed that the product of the aliquot divisors of 80 equals the fourth power of 80. The only year numbers for which this is true is 48 and 80.

80 is the smallest integer n such that both n and n+1 are products of at least 4 primes.*Prime Curios

80 is a semiperfect number, since adding up some subsets of its divisors 1 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 gives 80.

80 is the largest natural number n such that all prime factors of n and n+1 are smaller or equal to the prime digit 5.

80 is palindromic in bases 3, 6, and 9 , and a Repdigit in base 3 and base 9.

The 81st Day of the Year:
81 is the only integer (except 1) which is the square of the sum of its digits.

The smallest 10 digit pandigital number is 1023456789, 81 or 34 is a factor. The other two factors are both four digit numbers. Can you find the smallest, which is prime? ;-}

81 is one of only three non-trivial numbers for which the sum of the digits * the reversal of the sum yields the original number (8+1 = 9; 9*9 = 81). The other two are the famous Hardy-Ramanujan taxicab # 1729, which is the smallest number which is the sum of two positive cubes in two ways.(1+7+2+9 = 19; 19*91 = 1729), and 1458 (1+4+5+8 = 18; 18*81=1458) which is also unique for being the maximum determinant possible for a 11x11 matrix with only ones and zeros. The Hardy-Ramanujan number's properties were first noted by Frénicle de Bessy in 1657(without mention of a taxicab).That is, he knew it was the sum of two cubes in two ways, not sure if he knew the sum of the digits property above... anyone?

80 and 81 are the smallest integer pair  of consecutive numbers such that both are products of at least 4 primes.*Prime Curios

and 80 and 81 are the largest integer pair such that all prime factors of the two are smaller than or equal to the prime digit 5.

81 is the smallest square (and only known) such that n*2n-1 is prime *Prime Curios

There are 81 Full House primes, with the most advantageous being 18181 and 81181 (where 1 is regarded as the Ace.) Supposedly the famous frontier hero, Wild Bill Hickock, died by being shot from behind in a poker game. His hand was a supposedly two pairs, with Aces and Eights and is often called the "dead man's hand". A full house is three of one card and a pair of another.

The decimal expansion of the reciprocal of 81 is $$\overline{ .012345679}....$$ omitting only the 8.  This is true of the reciprocal of (b-1)<sup>2</sup> in any base b leaving out only the value b-2 in hte repeating period.  For example, in base 5, the reciprocal of 16 (31<sub>5</sub> ) is $$\overline{.0124...}$$

If you look into the palm of your left hand with your fingers extended parallel to the ground, you will see the Arabic numeral for eight near the center of your palm, and the numeral for one just above it.

The 82nd Day of the Year:
82 is the sum of the 10th(8+2) prime and the 16th(8x2) prime. It is the smallest number with this property.  Can you find the next?

82 is a happy number. Take the sum of the square of the digits, repeat on the result, and you eventually arrive at 1.

82 is the number of different ways you can arrange 6 regular hexagons by joining their adjacent sides:

82 can be written as : The sum of Fibonacci numbers, 82 = 1 + 5 + 21 + 55 The sum of consecutive integers, 82= 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 and as the sum of squares 82= 12 + 92 *What's Special About This Number

82 is a palindrome in base 3(1001) and in base 9 (101) (compare to 80 which is a palindrome in both 3 and 9, as well as 6).

82 is a companion Pell Number."In mathematics, the Pell numbers are an infinite sequence of integers, known since ancient times, that comprise the denominators of the closest rational approximations to the square root of 2. This sequence of approximations begins
1/13/27/517/12, and 41/29, so the sequence of Pell numbers begins with 1, 2, 5, 12, and 29. The numerators of the same sequence of approximations are half the companion Pell numbers or Pell–Lucas numbers; these numbers form a second infinite sequence that begins with 2, 6, 14, 34, and 82."*Wik
Both integer sequences are formed by multiplying twice the last member and adding the one before that, so the companion number 82 = 2*34+14.  The associated denominator, or Pell number, 29=2*17 + 7.

The 83rd Day of the Year
83 is the smallest prime whose square, 6889, is a strobogrammatic number.

83 is the sum of the squares of the first three consecutive odd primes (3^2 + 5^2 + 7^2).

One of my Mathematical idols, Paul Erdos, died at age 83.  I heard about it when one of my advanced math students announced, 'Mr Ballew, you know that Math guy you always talk about; I heard he died last night."

83 is the smallest prime number which is the sum of a prime number of consecutive prime numbers in a prime number of different ways, i.e., 23 + 29 + 31 = 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23. *Prime Curios (Whew! say that three times in a hurry)

The smallest prime with a digit sum of 83 is 3999998999.

83 is The number of permutations of the 10 distinct digits taken 9 at a time that are perfect squares. These range from 101242 = 102495376 to 303842 = 923187456.*Prime Curios

Stewart's cube, shown below, is a graph with 8 vertices and 12 edges.  Each edge is assigned a "weight" of unique prime numbers, and the total weight of the three edges meeting at each vertex is 83.
 *John D Cook
As far as I know this is the first graph found with these properties (unique prime edges and common total).  I would like information on which "Stewart" this is named for and when.  There is a more recent discovery by Austin Buchanan that has all prime edges and a smaller weight of 77 at each vertex.

83 is a prime number of the form 4n-1 so it can not be expressed as the sum of two squares.

And I just found out that in the Jewish faith, when you reach the age of 83, you can celebrate a 2nd Bar Mitzvah.

"The TI-83 series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments. The original TI-83 is itself an upgraded version of the TI-82.[1] Released in 1996, it was one of the most popular graphing calculators for students. In addition to the functions present on normal scientific calculators, the TI-83 includes many features, including function graphing, polar/parametric/sequence graphing modes, statistics, trigonometric, and algebraic functions, along with many useful applications. Although it does not include as many calculus functions, applications and programs can be downloaded from certain websites, or written on the calculator." Wik.

The 84th Day of the Year:
with nine points equally placed around a circle there are 84 different triangles using three of these points as vertices. Are any of them right triangles?

84 is the only number that is spelled with ten letters that are all different.

84 is the sum of the first seven triangular numbers, making it the 7th Tetrahedral number.

84 is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of three distinct primes raised to prime exponents, 2^5 + 3^3 + 5^2 = 84

84 is also the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two primes in 8 different ways.  5+79 is one, the rest are on you.

84 can also be written in four different ways as the sum of four primes, with any three of them summing to a prime.  5 + 13 + 23 + 43 is one of them, *Prime Curios

Little is known of the life of Diophantus, but this problem, supposedly on his tomb, will reveal his age.

84 is a Hoax number, the sum of it's digits is the same as the sum the digits of it's unique prime factors.  It is the second of three year days which are hoax numbers. Tomorrow will be the third

A hepteract is a seven-dimensional hypercube with 84 penteract 5-faces.

And 84 is still, I believe, the largest number of times anyone has been nominated for the Noble Prize and never won even once. During the 1901-1950 period, Arnold Sommerfeld was nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times, more than any other physicist (including Otto Stern,who got nominated 81 times), but he never received the award. His PhD students also earned more Nobel prizes in physics than any other supervisor’s,ever. *Wik

Eighty Four is a census-designated place in Somerset, North Strabane, North Bethlehem and South Strabane townships in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. It lies approximately 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Pittsburgh and is in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 657 at the 2010 census.

The 85th Day of the Year:
85 is the largest number for which the sum of 12 + 2+ 3+ 4+...+n2= 1+2+3+4+.... +M for some n,M, can you find that M?   85 is the largest such n, with a total sum of squares of 208,335; but can you find some solutions n,M that are smaller? (Reminder for students, the sums of first n consecutive squares are called pyramidal numbers, the sums of the first n integers are called triangular numbers.)

And a bonus I found at the Prime Curios web site, (8511 - 85)/11 ± 1 are twin primes.

85, with 86 and 87 are the second smallest three consecutive numbers such all three are products of two primes. *Don S McDonald

85 is the third, and last, Hoax number of the year.   Yesterday was the second.  A Hoax number is a number with the sum of it's digits equal to  the sum the digits of it's unique prime factors.

There are 85 five-digit primes that begin with 85.

85 is the sum of consecutive integers, and the difference of their squares  $$42+43= 43^2 - 42^2 = 85$$,

85 is the ONLY known Smith Number(sum of its digits is same as the sum of the digits of its prime factorization), whose aliquot sum(sum of all prime numbers less than n) is equal to $$\pi(n)$$ (The number of primes less than, or equal to n)
85 can be expressed as the sum of two squares in two different ways, 9+ 2 2 = 72 + 62 =85. It is the smallest such  number with all squares greater than one.

85 is the length of the hypotenuse in four Pythagorean Triangles.

The only composite number resulting from the sum of three double-digit consecutive emirps, 17, 31, 37. Note that the concatenation in order of these emirps, i.e., 173137 is prime *Prime Curios

85 is a palindrome in base 2 (1010101) and a palindrome and a repdigit in base 4 (1111) (85=1+4+16+64)

The 86th Day of the Year
86 is conjectured to be the largest number n such that 2n (in decimal) doesn't contain a 0. *Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip

The 86th prime is 443, and 4433 = 86,938,307. There is no other two digit n, such that the nth prime starts with n.

86 is the sum of four consecutive integers, 86= 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 and of four consecutive squares,

85, with 86 and 87 are the second smallest three consecutive numbers such all three are products of two primes. *Don S McDonald

86= 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 This is a Truncated Pyramidal number, calculating the sum of the squares from n, to 2n.  There are only five such year days, 5, 29, 86, 190 and 355.

The multiplicative persistence of a number is the number of times the iteration of finding the product of the digits takes to reach a one digit number. For 86, with persistence of three, we produce 8*6= 48, 4*8 = 32, and 3*2 = 6.... and 48+32+6 = 86. (how frequently does that occur?)

There are 86 abundant numbers(the sum of the proper divisors is greater than the number) in a non-leap year, but 86 is not one of them. All the abundant year days are even numbers. The smallest odd abundant number is 945.

86 in base 6 is a repdigit, and thus a palindrome (222) that makes it equal to twice the digits of the beast number raised to consecutive power, 86 = 2* (6^0 + 6^1 + 6^2)

Kentucky Highway 86 is only a fraction of a mile greater than 86/2. It runs from Union Star to US 62 near Cecillia.

The 87th Day of the Year:
87 is the sum of the squares of the first four primes is 87. $$87 = 2^2 + 3^2 + 5^2 + 7^2$$

87 = 3 * 29, $$87^2 + 3^2 + 29^2 and 87^2 - 3^2 - 29^2$$are both primes

Among Australian cricket players, it seems, 87 is an unlucky score and is referred to as "the devil's number", supposedly because it is 13 runs short of 100.

87 is the third consecutive day that is semiprime (the product of two primes), 85, with 86 and 87 are the second smallest three consecutive numbers such all three are products of two primes. *Don S McDonald

And 87 is, of course, the number of years between the signing of the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the Battle of Gettysburg, immortalized in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address with the phrase "fourscore and seven years ago..."

87 is the largest number that yields a prime when any of the one-digit primes 2, 5 or 7 is inserted between any two digits. The only other such number is 27 (and trivially, the 1 digit numbers). *Prime Curios

5! - 4! - 3! - 2! - 1! = 87.  Remember the old puzzle of making numbers with four 4's.  What numbers could you make with the first five factorials using only the four basic arithmetic functions between them

The 88th Day of the year:
882 = 7744, it is one of only 5 numbers known whose square has no isolated digits. (Can you find the others?) [Thanks to Danny Whittaker @nemoyatpeace for a correction on this.]

There are only 88 narcissistic numbers  in base ten, (an n-digit number that is the sum of the nth power of its digits, 153=13 + 53 + 33

88 is also a chance to introduce a new word (It was new to me).  88 is strobogrammatic, a number that is the same when it is rotated 180o about its center... 69 is another example. (Not everyone holds to these rules, even me)  If they make a different number when rotated, they are called invertible (89 becomes 68 for example). *Prime Curios

And with millions (billions?) of stars in the sky, did you ever wonder how many constellations there are?  Well, according to the Internationals Astronomical Union, there are 88.
Currently, 14 men and women, 9 birds, two insects, 19 land animals, 10 water creatures, two centaurs, one head of hair, a serpent, a dragon, a flying horse, a river and 29 inanimate objects are represented in the night sky (the total comes to more than 88 because some constellations include more than one creature.)

And if you chat with Chinese friends, the cool way to say bye-bye is with 88, from Mandarin for 88, "bā ba".

Not too far from my home near Possum Trot, Ky, there is a little place called Eighty-eight, Kentucky. One strory of the naming (there could be as many as 88 of them) is that the town was named in 1860 by Dabnie Nunnally, the community's first postmaster. He had little faith in the legibility of his handwriting, and thought that using numbers would solve the problem. He then reached into his pocket and came up with 88 cents. In the 1948 presidential election, the community reported 88 votes for Truman and 88 votes for Dewey, which earned it a spot in Ripley's Believe It or Not. And expanding the "88 is strobogrammatic" theme, INDER JEET TANEJA came up with this beautiful magic square with a constant of 88 that was used in a stamp series in Macao in 2014 and 2015. This image shows the reflections both horizontally and vertically, as well as the 180 degree rotation, each is a magic square.
The stamps had denominations of 1 through 9 pataca and when  two sheets were  printed you could do your own Luo Shu magic square with the denominations. The Luo Shu itself was featured on the 12 pataca stamp.

88 is called a Refactorable Number, because it is divisible by the number of divisors it has.  It's the fifteenth so far this year.

The sum of the first 88 emirps, (primes that are still prime when digit order is reversed, 13 and 31 for example) is 88,000,  The 88th emirp is 1831*Prime Curios.

88 is a palindrome in base ten, and also in base 5 (323).

And a good reason to remind students Why  88 can not be expressed as the sum of two squares.  Any number that has a factor of the form 4n-1 (for 88 that's the 11) that has an odd exponent (like 1) is not the sum of two squares.

88 and 945 are the smallest abundant numbers that share no common divisors.  88 is the 19th abundant number and like all the numbers before it, is even.  (45 is the smallest odd abundant number, following 231 even numbers.  945 has prime divisors of 3, 5, and 7 but 88 is the smallest abundant number that has none of these.

The 89th Day of the year:
89 is the fifth Fibonacci prime and the reciprocal of 89 starts out 0.011235... (generating the first five Fibonacci numbers) *Prime Curios  It actually generates many more, but the remainder are hidden by the carrying of digits from the two digit Fibonacci numbers. (The next digit, for instance is a 9 instead of an eight because it includes the tens digit of the next Fibonacci number, 13.)

89 is the 11th Fibonacci number, and it is not divisible by any smaller Fibonacci numbers.  $$F_m divides F_n$$ only if m divides n.  Since 89 is the 11th Fibonacci number so it is not divisible by any smaller Fibonacci number.  This can help if finding possible factors for numbers are knowing if they are  prime. 377 is the 14th Fibonacci number, and 14 is divisible by 7, so 377 is not prime, and is divisible by by F<sub>_7</sub> which is 13.  377 = 13 x 29.

89 is a factor of 2^11 - 1, the smallest factorable Mersenne Number with a prime exponent.

The base of the Statue of Liberty is 89 feet tall.

89 is an invertible number (rotation by 180 degrees produces a different number, 68) Others refer to such rotations that produce another number as Strobogrammatic. Even another term for them is numeric ambigrams. Which ever term you use, it is the sum of  1+8+11+69, four strobogrammatic numbers.

and 89 can be expressed by the first 5 integers raised to the first 5 Fibonacci numbers: 11 + 25 + 33 + 41+ 52

If you write any integer and sum the square of the digits, and repeat, eventually you get either 1, or 89 (ex:  16; $$1^2 + 6^2 = 37; 3^2 + 7^2 = 58; 5^2 + 8^2 = 89$$

89 = 81 + 92

An Armstrong (or Pluperfect digital invariant) number is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits. For example, 371 is an Armstrong number since $$3^3+7^3+1^3 = 371$$. There are exactly 89 such numbers, including two with 39 digits. (115,132,219,018,763,992,565,095,597,973,522,401 is the largest) (Armstrong numbers are named for Michael F. Armstrong who named them for himself as part of an assignment to his class in Fortran Programming at the University of Rochester \)

89 is the smallest prime (indeed the smallest positive integer) whose square (7921) and cube (704969) are likewise prime upon reversal. *Prime Curios

And from our strange measures category, A Wiffle, also referred to as a WAM for Wiffle (ball) Assisted Measurement, is equal to a sphere 89 millimeters (3.5 inches) in diameter – the size of a Wiffle ball, a perforated, light-weight plastic ball frequently used by marine biologists as a size reference in photos to measure corals and other objects. The spherical shape makes it omnidirectional and perfect for taking a speedy measurement, and the open design also allows it to avoid being crushed by water pressure. Wiffle balls are a much cheaper alternative to using two reference lasers, which often pass straight through gaps in thin corals. A scientist on the research vessel EV Nautilus is credited with pioneering the technique *Wik

The sum of all the prime numbers up to and including 89 is 963.  If you eliminate the single even prime, 2, the total is 961 = 31^2.  This is the smallest such sum of primes for which this is true.

The concatenation of all odd primes starting from 89 and counting in reverse is prime.*Prime Curios (so what if it starts with 83?
89 is a Pythagorean Prime, one that is the sum of two squares.  8^2 + 6^2

22 + 33 + 55 + 77 + 1111 + ... + 8989 is prime.

Hellin's law states that twins occur once in 89 births, triplets once in 892 births, and quadruplets once in 893 births, and so forth. This approximation came before the advent of fertility methods. *Prime Curios

89892 = 80802121. 89 is the smallest prime, P so that PP2 is of the form XXYY, *Prime Curios

And there are exactly 1000 primes between 1 and 892

89 is a palindrome in base 8 (131)

Oklahoma City, Ok. was founded in the Land Run of 89, when property in the Indian Nation was opened to white settlers.

US 89 is called the National Parks Hwy, and runs, almost literally, through Yellowstone Natl Park, and Links it to six more.

The 90th day of the year;
90 is the only number that is the sum of its digits plus the sum of the squares of its digits. (Is there any interesting distinction to the rest of the numbers for which this sum is more (or less) than the original number?)

$$\frac{90^3 - 1}{90 - 1}$$ is a Mersenne prime.

90 = 3^2 + 9^2 = 3^2 + 3^4

90 is a Harshad (Joy Giver) number since 90 is divisible by the sum of its digits

90 is the smallest number having 6 representations as a sum of four positive squares

90 is the number of degrees in a right angle. Moreover, as a compass direction, 90 degrees corresponds to east. Which reminds me of a fun math joke:"The number you have dialed is imaginary. Please rotate you phone by 90 degrees and dial again."

And 90 is the sum of the first 9 consecutive even numbers, the sum of consecutive integers in two different ways,  the sum of two consecutive primes, and of six consecutive primes(in two distinct ways), and the sum of five consecutive squares. (all proofs left to the reader.)

(903 - 1)/(90 - 1) is a Mersenne prime. *Prime Curios The bases in Major League Baseball are 90 feet apart.

## Monday, January 27, 2020

### Number Facts for Every Year Day ((31-60)) from "On This Day in Math"

The 31st day of the year; 31 = 22 + 33, i.e., The eleventh prime, and third Mersenne prime, it is also the sum of the first two primes raised to themselves. *Number Gossip  (Is there another prime which is the sum of consecutive primes raised to themselves?
A note from Andy Pepperdine of Bath informed me that $$2^2 + 3^3 +5^5 + 7^7 = 826699$$, a prime.﻿

The sum of the first eight digits of pi = 3+1+4+1+5+9+2+6 = 31. *Prime Curios

There are only 31 numbers that cannot be expressed as the sum of distinct squares. *Prime curios

31 is the number of regular polygons with an odd number of sides that are known to be constructible with compass and straightedge.

The numbers 31, 331, 3331, 33331, 333331, 3333331, and 33333331 are all prime. For a time it was thought that every number of the form 3w1 would be prime. However, the next nine numbers of the sequence are composite *Wik

$$\pi^3$$  (almost)=31 (31,006...)

There are only 31 numbers that cannot be expressed as the sum of distinct squares.

31 is the minimum number of moves to solve the Towers of Hanoi problem.  The general solution for any number of discs is a Mersenne number of the form 2^n -1.

Jim Wilder ‏@wilderlab offered, The sum of digits of the 31st Fibonacci number (1346269) is 31.

If you like unusual speed limits, the speed limit in downtown Trenton, a small city in northwestern Tennessee, is 31 miles per hour. And the little teapot on the sign? Well, Trenton also bills itself as the teapot capital of the nation. The 31 mph road sign seems to come from a conflict between Trenton and a neighboring town which I will not name ,...but I will tell you they think of themselves as the white squirrel capital.

31 is also the smallest integer that can be written as the sum of four positive squares in two ways 1+1+4+25; 4+9+9+9.

31 is an evil math teacher number. The sequence of  the maximum number of regions obtained by joining n points around a circle by straight lines begins 2, 4, 8, 16... but for five points, it is 31.

@JamesTanton posted a mathematical fact and query regarding 31.  31 =111(base 5) =11111(base 2) and 8191 =111(base 90) = 111111111111(base 2) are the only two integers known to be repunits at least 3 digits long in two different bases. Is there an integer with representations 10101010..., ,at least three digits, in each of two different bases? Which made me wonder, are there other pairs that are repdigits (all alike, but not all units) in two (or more) different bases?

The 32nd day of the year;   32 is conjectured to be the highest power of two with all prime digits. *Number Gossip (Could 27 hold the similar property for powers of three?)

Also, 131 is the 32nd prime and the sum of the digits of both numbers is 5. 32 & 131 is the smallest n, P(n) with this property. $$32 = 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3$$

A fermat prime is a prime number of the form $$2^{2^n} +1$$ and five are known (3, 5, 17, 257, 65537). Their product is $$2^{32} -1$$

32! - 1 and 33!-1 are both primes
[David Marain pointed out that the products of the first n are all expressible in 2n-1 form, $$3x5 = 2^4-1, 3x5x17 = 2^8-1$$, and $$3x5x7x257 = 2^{16}-1$$ ]

On an 8x8 chessboard, the longest closed non-crossing knight's path is 32 moves.

The 33rd Day of the Year;
among the infinity of integers, there are only six that can not be formed by the addition of distinct triangular numbers. The largest of these is 33. What are the other five?

33 = 1!+2!+3!+4! *jim wilder @wilderlab

33 is the smallest n such that n, n+1 and n+2 are all semi-primes, the products of two primes. *Bob S McDonald

32! - 1 and 33!-1 are both primes

The 33 letter Dutch word nepparterrestaalplaatserretrappen is the longest palindrome I know in any language. It means fake stairways from the ground floor to the sun lounge, made of steel plate. The shorter word "saippuakauppias" for a soap vendor is the longest single word palindrome in the world that is in everyday use. *Wiktionary

1033 is the largest known power of ten that can be expressed as the power of two factors neither of which contains a zero. 1033 = 233 533 = 8,589,934,592 x 116,415,321,826,934,814,453,125 *Cliff Pickover @pickover

The smallest odd number n such that n+x! is not a prime, for any number x.

33 is the smallest  teo-digit palindrome in  base ten which is also a palindrome in a smaller base.

The  34th day of the year; 34 is the smallest integer such that it and both its neighbors are the product of the same number of primes.

34 is the smallest number which can be expressed as the sum of two primes in four ways.*Prime Curios

A 4x4 magic square using the integers 1 to 16 has a magic constant of 34. An early example is in the tenth century Parshvanath Jain temple in Khajuraho. The image below was taken by Debra Gross Aczel, the wife of the late Amir D. Aczel who used the image in his last book, Finding Zero.
4x4 magic squares were written about in India by a mathematician named Nagarjuna as early as the first century.

The 35th Day of The Year, There are 35 hexominos, the polyominoes made from 6 squares. *Number Gossip (I only recently learned that, Although a complete set of 35 hexominoes has a total of 210 squares, which offers several possible rectangular configurations, it is not possible to pack the hexominoies into a rectangle.)

The longest open uncrossed (doesn't cross it's own path) knight's path on an 8x8 chessboard is 35 moves.   (longest cycle(end where you start) is only 32 moves)

In Base 35 (A=10, B=11, etc) NERD is Prime, $$23*35^3+14*35^2+27*35+13 = 1,004,233$$.

The 36th Day of the Year, The 36th day of the year; 36 is the smallest non trivial number which is both triangular and square. It's also the largest day number of the year which is both. What's the next? You can find an infinity of them using this beautiful formula from Euler, Hat Tip to Vincent PANTALONI @panlepan

36 is the sum of the first three cubes, $$1 ^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 = 36$$  The sums of the first n cubes is always a square number. $$\sum_{k=1}^n k^3 = (\frac{(n)(n+1)}{2}) ^2$$ Note that this sequence and its formula were known to (and possibly discovered by) Nicomachus, 100 CE

The sum of the first 36 integers, $$\sum_{k=1}^{36} k = 666$$ the so called "number of the beast."

And Mario Livio pointed out in a tweet that Feb 5  is 5/2 in European style dating, and 52 is the maximum number of moves needed to solve the "15" sliding puzzle from any solvable position.

The Kiwi's seeds divide the circle into 36 equal sections.  Nature's protractor. *Matemolivares@Matemolivares

A special historical tribute to 36: The thirty-six officers problem is a mathematical puzzle proposed by Leonhard Euler in 1782. He asked if it were possible to place officers of six ranks from each of six regiments in a 6x6 square so that no row or column would have an officer of the same rank, or the same regiment. Euler suspected that it could not be done. Euler knew how to construct such squares for nxn when n was odd, or a multiple of four, and he believed that all such squares with n = 4m+2 (6, 10, 14...) were impossible ( Euler didn't say it couldn't be done. He just said that his method does not work for numbers of that form.) Proof that he was right for n=6 took a while. French mathematician (and obviously a very patient man) Gaston Tarry proved it in 1901 by the method of exhaustion. He wrote out each of the 9408 6x6 squares and found that none of them worked. Then in 1959, R.C. Bose and S. S. Shrikhande proved that all the others could be constructed. So the thirty-six square is the only one that can't be done.

The 37th Day of the Year.The 37 is the only prime with a three digit period for the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 1/37 = .027027....

Big Prime::: n = integer whose digits are (left to right) 6424 copies of 37, followed by units digit of 3, is prime (n = 3737...373 has 12849 digits) *Republic of Math

An amazing reversal: 37 is the 12th prime;  and 73 is the 21st prime . This enigma is the only known combination.

37 is the last year day such that the sum of the squares of the first n primes, is divisible by n.  There are only three such numbers in the days of the year. Two of them are primes themselves.

If you use multiplication and division operations to combine Fibonacci numbers, (for example, 4 = 2^2, 6 = 2·3, 7 = 21/ 3 ,...) you can make almost any other number. Almost, but you can't make 37.  In fact, there are 12 numbers less than 100 that can not be expressed as "Fibonacci Integers" *Carl Pomerance, et

37! + 1 is a prime.  It is the sixth Year Day for which this is true, and the last prime year day.  There are only  13 Year Days for which n! + 1 is prime.

To represent every integer as a sum of fifth powers requires at most 37 integers.

The last odd Roman numeral alphabetically is XXXVII (37). *prime Curios

The 38th Day Of the Year , 31415926535897932384626433832795028841 is a prime number.  BUT, It’s also the first 38 digits of pi.

38 is the largest even number so that every partition of it into two odd integers must contain a prime.

38 is the largest even number that can only be expressed as the sum of two distinct primes in one way. (31 + 7)

38 is the sum of squares of the first three primes $$2^2 + 3^2 + 5^2 = 38$$. *Prime Curios

At the beginning of the 21st Century there were 38 known Mersenne Primes. As of this writing, there are 51, the last being discovered in Dec of 2018..

38 is also the magic constant in the only possible magic Yhexagon which utilizes all the natural integers up to and including 19. It was discovered independently by Ernst von Haselberg in 1887, W. Radcliffe in 1895, and several others. Eventually it was also discovered by Clifford W. Adams, who worked on the problem from 1910 to 1957. He worked on the problem throughout his career as a freight-handler and clerk for the Reading Rail Road by trial and error and after many years arrived at the solution which he transmitted to Martin Gardner in 1963. Gardner sent Adams' magic hexagon to Charles W. Trigg, who by mathematical analysis found that it was unique disregarding rotations and reflections.
 *Wik

The 39th Day of the Year, 39 is the smallest number with multiplicative persistence 3. [Multiplicative persistence is the number of times the digits must be multiplied until they produce a one digit number; 3(9)= 27; 2(7) = 14; 1(4)=4. Students might try to find the smallest number with multiplicative persistence of four, or prove that no number has multiplicative persistence greater than 11]

39 = 3¹ + 3² + 3³ *jim wilder ‏@wilderlab An Armstrong (or Pluperfect digital invariant) number is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits. For example, 371 is an Armstrong number since $$3^3+7^3+1^3 = 371$$. The largest Armstrong number in decimal numbers has 39 digits. (115,132,219,018,763,992,565,095,597,973,522,401 is the largest)  (Armstrong numbers are named for Michael F. Armstrong who named them for himself as part of an assignment to his class in Fortran Programming at the University of Rochester \)

I find it interesting that 39 = 3*13, and is the sum of all the primes from 3 to 13, 39=3+5+7+11+13, these are sometimes call ed straddled numbers.

39 is the smallest positive integer which cannot be formed from the first four primes (used once each), using only the simple operations +, -, *, / and ^. Prime Curios.T

he number formed by concatenating the non-prime integers 1 through 39 is the smallest such prime: 1468910121415161820212224252627283032333435363839. Prime Curios.

The 40th Day of the Year: in English forty is the only number whose letters are in alphabetical order.

There are 40 solutions on for the 7 queens problem.  placing seven chess queens on a 7x7 chessboard so that no two queens threaten each other.

-40 is the temperature at which the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales correspond; that is, −40 °F = −40 °C.

Euler first noticed (in 1772) that the quadratic polynomial P(n) = n2 + n + 41 is prime for all non-negative numbers less than 40.

Paul Halcke noted in 1719 that the product of the aliquot parts of 40 is equal to 40 cubed. 1*2*4*5*8*10*20 = 64000 = 403. He found the same is true for 24.

And.... forty is the highest number ever counted to on Sesame Street.

40 = 2^3+5, the first three primes in order.

The 41st Day of the Year:
Euler (1772) observed that the polynomial f(x)= x2 + x + 41 will produce a prime for any integer value of x in the interval 0 to 39.

In 1778 Legendre realized that x2 - x + 41 will give the same primes for interval (1-40). n^2 + n + 41 is prime for n = 0 ... 39 and Is prime for nearly half the values of n up to 10,000,000. *John D. Cook

The smallest prime whose cube can be written as sum of three cubes in two ways (413 = 403 + 173 + 23 = 333 + 323 + 63). *Prime Curios

If you multiply 41 by any three digit number to produce a five digit number, every cyclic representation of that number formed by moving the last digit to the front is also divisible by 41. (for example 41*378 = 15,498. 41 will also divide 81,549; 98154; 49815; and 54,981 *The Moscow Puzzles

41 can be expressed as the sum of consecutive primes in two ways, (2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13), and the (11 + 13 + 17).

The sum of the digits of 41 (5) is the period length of its reciprocal, 1/41 =.0243902439,,,  It is the smallest number with a period length of five.

41 is the largest known prime formed by the sum of the first Mersenne primes in logical order (3 + 7 + 31) *Prime Curios

Incredibly, if you take any two integers that sum to 41, a+b =41, then a^2 + b is a prime, for example, 20^2 + 21 = 421

Starting with 41, if you add 2, then 4, then 6, then 8, etc., you will have a string of 40 straight prime numbers. *Prime Curios

The 41st Mersenne to be found = 2^24036583-1. *Prime Curios

And even more from @Math Year-Round 41=1!+2!+3!+1¹+2²+3³

The 42nd Day of the Year:
in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything is 42. The supercomputer, Deep Thought, specially built for this purpose takes 7½ million years to compute and check the answer. The Ultimate Question itself is unknown.

There is only one scalene triangle in simplest terms with integer sides and integer area of 42, it's perimeter is also 42. (There are only three integer (non-right) triangles possible with area and perimeter equal and all integer sides.)

42 is between a pair of twin primes (41,43) and its concatenation with either of them (4241, 4243) is also a prime, which means that 4242 is also between twin primes.

On September 6, 2019, Andrew Booker, University of Bristol, and Andrew Sutherland, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, found a sum of three cubes for $$42= (–80538738812075974)^3 + 80435758145817515^3 + 12602123297335631^3$$. This leaves 114 as the lowest unsolved case. At the beginning of 2019, 33 was the lowest unsolved case, but Booker solved that one earlier in 2019.
42 is the largest number n such that there exist positive integers p, q, r with 1 = 1 / n + 1 / p + 1 / q + 1 / r

Given 27 same size whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27, a 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row, column, and corridor, and every diagonal passing through the center, is composed of 3 numbers whose sum of values is 42.

The 43rd Day of the Year.:
The McNuggets version of the coin problem was introduced by Henri Picciotto, who included it in his algebra textbook co-authored with Anita Wah.Picciotto thought of the application in the 1980s while dining with his son at McDonald’s, working the problem out on a napkin. A McNugget number is the total number of McDonald’s Chicken McNuggets in any number of boxes.The original boxes (prior to the introduction of the Happy Meal-sized nuggetboxes) were of 6, 9, and 20 nuggets.According to Schur’s theorem, since 6, 9, and 20 are relatively prime,any suﬃciently large integer can be expressed as a linear combination of these three. Therefore, there exists a largest non-McNugget number, and all integers larger than it are McNugget numbers.That number is 43, so how many of each size box gives the McNugget number 44?

43 is the number of seven-ominoids. (shapes made with seven equilateral triangles sharing a common edge.)

In March of 1950, Claude Shannon calculated that there are appx $$\frac{64!}{32!} (8!)2(2!)6$$, or roughly 1043 possible positions in a chess match.

Planck time (~ 10-43 seconds) is the smallest measurement of time within the framework of classical mechanics. That means that if you could make one unique chess position in each Planck time, you could run through them all in one second.

What is the minimum number of guests that must be invited to a party so that there are either five mutual acquaintances, or five that are mutual strangers? (Sorry we still don't know :-{ But the smallest number must be 43 or larger). I think that means that for any number of points on a circle less than 43, if you colored every segment connecting two of them either red or black, there would be no complete graph of five vertices (K(5)) with all edges of the same color. [And there are 43 choose 5 or 962,598 possible choices of complete graphs to choose from.]

According to Benford's Law, the odds that a random prime begins with a prime digit is more than 43%

Every solvable configuration of the Fifteen puzzle can be solved in no more than 43 multi-tile moves (i.e. when moving two or three tiles at once is counted as one move)

And if 42 was the meaning of life, the universe, and everything, just imagine that 43 is MORE than that!

The 44th Day of the Year:
there are 44 ways to reorder the numbers 1 through five so that none of the digits is in its natural place. This is called a derangement.  The number of derangements of n items is an interesting study for students.  Some historical notes from here. If you had five  letters for five different people and five  envelopes  addressed to the five people,  there are 44 ways to put every letter in the wrong envelope.

44 is the sum of the first emirp (prime which is prime with digits reversed) pair, 13 and 31.*Prime Curios

44 is the smallest number such that it and the next number are the product of a prime and another distinct prime squared (44 = 22*11 and 45 = 32*5).

All even perfect numbers greater than 6 end in 44 in base six, as do all powers of ten greater than 10. *Lord Karl Voldevive ‏@Karl4MarioMugan  (students should be encouraged to understand that the converse of these statements is not true by finding exceptions.)

44 and 45 form the first pair of consecutive numbers that are the product of a prime and the square of a prime.  44 = 2^2 * 11 and 45 = 3^2 * 5

44 is a palindrome in base ten, but not in any smaller base.  Only three of the ninr two-digit palindromes in base ten are palindromes in any smaller base.  Find them!

An Euler brick, named after Leonhard Euler, is a cuboid whose edges andface diagonals all have integer lengths. A primitive Euler brick is an Eulerbrick whose edge lengths are relatively prime.The smallest Euler brick, discovered by Paul Halcke in 1719, has edges( a,b,c ) = (44 , 117 , 240) and face diagonals 125, 244, and 267.

The 45th Day of the Year:
45 is the third Kaprekar number.  (452 = 2025 and 20 + 25 = 45) The next two Kaprekar numbers both have two digits, can you find them?

45 is the 9th triangular number, the sum of the digits from 1 through 9.

45-2n for n=1 through 5 forms a prime
I found these on a post at the Futility Closet by Greg Ross: 452 = 2025 20 + 25 = 45 453 = 91125 9 + 11 + 25 = 45 454 = 4100625 4 + 10 + 06 + 25 = 45

45 is a palindrome in base 2 {101101} and base 8{55}

44 and 45 form the first pair of consecutive numbers that are the product of a prime and the square of a prime.  44 = 2^2 * 11 and 45 = 3^2 * 5

The 45th row of Pascal's Arithmetic Triangle has 30 even numbers, the 60th row, has 45 even numbers. 45 is the smallest odd number n that has more divisors than n+1 and that has a larger sum of divisors than n+1

The 45th parallel, halfway between the North Pole and Equater, runs just outside my family home in Elk Rapids, Michigan.

The 46th Day of the Year:
there are 46 fundamental ways to arrange nine queens on a 9x9 chessboard so that no queen is attacking any other. (Can you find solutions for smaller boards?)

46 is the largest even integer that cannot be expressed as a sum of two abundant numbers.

46 is the ninth "Lazy Caterer" number.  The maximum number of  pieces that can be formed with 9 straight cuts across a pancake.

46 is the number of integer partitions of 18 into distinct parts.

46 is a palindrome in both base 4 and base 5

On Oct 29, 2008 the 46th discovered Mersenne Prime, then the world's largest prime was featured  in Time magazine as one of the "great inventions" of the year. It was discovered by Smith, Woltman, Kurowski, et al. of the GIMPS (Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search) program.
Three more have been discovered since, one of which is smaller than this one, so while it was 46th discovered, it is 47th in rank. .

The 47th Day of the Year:
47 is a Thabit number, named after the Iraqi mathematician Thâbit ibn Kurrah number, of the form 3 * 2n -1 (sometimes called 3-2-1 numbers). He studied their relationship to Amicable numbers. 47 is related to the amicable pair, (17296, 18416)  All Thabit numbers expressed in binary end in 10 followed by n ones, 47 in binary is 101111. (The rule is that if p=3*2n-1 -1, q= 3*2n -1, and r = 9*2n-1 -1, are all prime, then 2npq and 2nr are amicable numbers.

3^3^3^3^3^3^3 has 47 distinct values depending on parentheses. *Math Year-Round ‏@MathYearRound

666<sup>47</sup> has a sum of digits equal to the Beast Number, 666 *Prime Curios

479 can be written as the sum of distinct smaller 9th powers.*Prime Curios

"The 47 Society is an international interest-group that follows the occurrence and recurrence of the quintessential random number: 47. Many suspect that the coincidental nature of 47 carries some mystical, metaphysical and/or scientific significance." *http://www.47.net/47society/

Mario Livio has pointed out that this date written month day as 216, 216=63 and also 216=33+43+53

The 47th day gives me a reason to include this brief story of Thomas Hobbes from Aubrey's "Brief Lives". The 47th proposition of Libre I of The Elements (The Pythagorean Theorem) seemed so obviously false to him that, in following the reasoning back, his life was changed:

He was (vide his life) 40 yeares old before he looked on geometry; which happened accidentally. Being in a gentleman’s library in . . . , Euclid’s Elements lay open, and ’twas the 47 El. libri I. He read the proposition. ‘By† G—,’ sayd he, ‘this is impossible!’So he reads the demonstration of it, which referred him back to such a propo- sition; which proposition he read. That referred him back to another, which he also read. Et sic deinceps,(and so back to the beginning) that at last he was demonstratively convinced of that trueth. This made him in love with geometry.

The 48th Day of the Year:
48 is the smallest number with exactly ten divisors. (This is an interesting sequence, and students might search for others. Finding the smallest number with twelve divisors will be easier than finding the one with eleven.)

48 is also the smallest even number that can be expressed as a sum of two primes in 5 different ways: If n is greater than or equal to 48, then there exists a prime between n and 9n/8 This is an improvement on a conjecture known as Bertrand's Postulate. In spite of the name, many students remember it by the little rhyme, "Chebyshev said it, but I'll say it again; There's always a prime between n and 2n ." Mathematicians have lowered the 2n down to something like n+n.6 for sufficiently large numbers.

48 is the smallest betrothed (quasi-amicable) number. 48 and 75 are a betrothed pair since the sum of the proper divisors of 48 is 75+1 = 76 and the sum of the proper divisors of 75 is 48+1=49. (There is only a single other pair of betrothed numbers that can be a year day)

And 48 x 48 = 2304 but 48 x 84 = 4032. (Others like this???)

If you picked four prime numbers so that any collection of three of them had a prime sum, then the smallest sum you could get adding all four primes, is 48.  (5, 7, 17, 19).  Can you find the next smallest?(suitable for middle school students to explore as there are many with modest size numbers)

In 1719 Paul Halcke observed that the product of the aliquot divisors of 48 is equal to the fourth power of 48. 1*2*3*4*6*8*12*16*24= 5,308,416= 484.   48 and 80 are the only two year dates for which this is true.

48 is a Harshad Number from the Sanskrit for "joy-giver", since it is divisible by the sum of its digits.

The 49th Day of the Year:
lots of numbers are squareful (divisible by a square number) but 49 is the smallest number so that it, and both its neighbors are squareful. (Many interesting questions arise for students.. what's next, can there be four in a row?, etc)

And Prof. William D Banks of the University of Missouri has recently proved that every integer in base ten is the sum of 49 or less palindromes. (August 2015) (Building on Prof. Banks groundbreaking work, by February 22, 2016 JAVIER CILLERUELO AND FLORIAN LUCA had proved that for any base > 4 EVERY POSITIVE INTEGER IS A SUM OF THREE PALINDROMES )

The 49th Mersenne prime is discovered. On Jan 19th, 2016 The GIMPS program announced a new "largest known" prime, 274,207,281 -1. called M74,207,281 for short, the number has 22,338,618 digits.

49 is the smallest square which is the sum of three consecutive primes.49= 17 + 19 + 23

49 is the first square where the digits are squares, What's next?

If you square 49, and take the sum of the digits of that square, you have 7, the square root of 49. How common is this?

1 / 49 = 0.0204081632 6530612244 8979591836 7346938775 51 and then repeats the same 42 digits.  It's better than it looks.  Write down all the powers of two, and then index them two to the right and add.

 *Wik

The 50th Day of the Year:
50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways 50 = 49 + 1 = 25 + 25. *Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip (What is the next, or what is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in three distinct ways?

It is also the sum of  three squares, 3^2 + 4^2 + 5^2 = 50 and of four squares, 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + 6^2 = 50

You can use the first nine consecutive primes to express 50 as the sum of primes in two different ways, :50 = 2 + 5 + 7 + 17 + 19 = 3 + 11 + 13 + 23.

The number 50 is somewhat responsible for the area of number theory about partitions. In 1740 Philip Naudé the younger (1684-1747) wrote Euler from Berlin to ask “how many ways can the number 50 be written as a sum of seven different positive integers?” Euler would give the answer, 522, within a few days but would return to the problem of various types of partitions throughout the rest of his life.

There is no solution to the equation φ(x) = 50, making 50 a nontotient (there is no integer, k, that has exactly 50 numbers below it that do not share a divisor with k, other than 1).

The 51st Day of the Year:
51 is the number of different paths from (0,0) to (6,0) made up of segments connecting lattice points that can only have slopes of 1, 0, or -1 but so that they never go below the x-axis. These are called Motzkin Numbers.

$$\pi(51) = 15$$, the number of primes less than 51 is given by it's reversal, 15, and both numbers are products of Fermat Primes.

Jim Wilder pointed out that 51 is the smallest number that can be written as a sum of primes  with the digits 1 to 5 each used once  2 + 3 + 5 + 41 = 51 (Students might explore similar problems using first n digits 2-9)

51 can be expressed as the sum of four primes using only the digits from 1-5, 51 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 41.

A triangle with sides 51, 52 and 53 has an integer area 1170 units2.  These are called Heronian Triangles, or sometimes Super Heronian Triangles.  (Guess I shouldn't be, but surprised how all of the triangles I could find with consecutive integer sides and integer area have final digits of 1,2,3 or 3,4,5) There are an infinite number of these with consecutive integers for sides. To find the even side, just take the expansion of $$(2 + \sqrt{3})^n$$,and sum the rational terms, then double it to get the even side. The first three are 2, 7, giving us the even side of a 3,4,5 triangle and the 13, 14, 15 triangle. And if you expand $$(2 + \sqrt{3})^4$$ you get $$8 + 12 \sqrt{3} + 3(2)3 + \sqrt{3^3} =26$$ and we get the center side of the triangle above. (My thanks to @expert_says on twitter who sent me a link to two nice papers on this) (more notes about this in Day 52)

And like any odd number, it is the sum of two consecutive numbers, 25+26 , and the difference of their squares $$26^2 - 25^2$$

And I just found this unusual reference, "Don’t be baffled if you see the number 51 cropping up in Chinese website names, since 51 sounds like 'without trouble' or 'carefree' in Chinese." at the Archimedes Lab

Since 51 is the product of the distinct Fermat primes 3 and 17, a regular polygon with 51 sides is constructible with compass and straightedge, the angle π / 51 is constructible, and the number cos π / 51 is expressible in terms of square roots.

The 52nd Day of the Year,
The month and day are simultaneously prime a total of 52 times in a non-leap year. *Tanya Khovanova, Number Gossip How many times in a leap year ?

52 is also the maximum number of moves needed to solve the 15 puzzle from the worst possible start. *Mario Livio

52 is the number of 8-digit primes (on a calculator) that remain prime if viewed upside down, in a mirror, or upside down in a mirror. *Prime Curios

There are 52 letters in the names of the cards in a standard deck: ACE KING QUEEN JACK TEN (This also works in Spanish. any other languages for which this is true?) *Futility Closet

52 is called an "untouchable" number, since there is no integer for which the sum of its proper divisors sum to 52. Can you find another? Euler said they were infinite.

A triangle with sides 51, 52 and 53 has an integer area 1170 units2.  These are called Heronian Triangles, or sometimes Super Heronian Triangles, because they have sides of consecutive integers.  Each of these triangles can be partitioned into two Heronian right triangles by the altitude to the even side.  It seems that in all such triangles, the altitude will divide the even base into two sides whose lengths differ by 4.  For this one, the two right triangle bases will be 26-2 and 26+2.  To find the height of the triangle, we use the simple A=1/2 b*h , so 1170 = 26*h, and we get h = 45.  So the two right triangles have sides of 24, 45, 51 with area of 540 sq units; and 28, 45, 53 with area of 630 sq units. This seems to work with all acute Super Heronian Triangles. (And a little more on Day 53)

The 53rd Day of the Year:
The 53rd day of the year; the month and day are both prime a total of 53 times in every leap year, but not today.

If you reverse the digits of 53 you get its hexadecimal representation; no other two digit number has this quality.  You also get the sum of the divisors of 53^3.

The sum of the first 53 primes is 5830, which is divisible by 53. It is the last year day for which n divides the sum of the first n primes. (what were the others?)

53 is the sum of 5 consecutive numbers, with an average interval of 3

If you raise 2^n starting at one, and searching for a number with two adjacent zeros, you want find one until n = 53.

53 is the smallest prime p such that 1p1 (ie, 1531) , 3p3, 7p7 and 9p9 are all prime.(Can you find the 2nd smallest?)

53 is the smallest prime number that does not divide the order of any sporadic group *Wik

A triangle with sides 51, 52 and 53 has an integer area 1170 units2.  These are called Heronian Triangles, or sometimes Super Heronian Triangles, because they have sides of consecutive integers. The even side of these triangles is related to a classic equation from Diophantus' Arithmetic (AD 200's).  This one is now known as a type of Pell Equation $$x^2 - 3y^2 = 1$$.  For example it is easy to see that x=2, y=1 is a solution, and the x=2, doubled becomes the even side in the 3,4,5 Triangle.  The triangle with even side of 52, is from the solutions x=26, y=15.  If you explore the successive rational convergents to the $$\sqrt{3}$$, these occur as every other term in that series.  $$\frac{2}{1} , \frac{5}{3}, \frac{7}{4}, \frac{19}{11}, \frac{26}{15}...$$.

Computer Geeks (the capital shows respect) may know that 53 has a prime ASCII code, 3533. It is the smallest prime for which that is true.

The floor function of $$e ^\phi$$ is 53.

You may know that with the traditional Birthday Problem, 23 people reduces the chance of not finding a match to about 1/2. Increase that number to 53, and the probability of no match is about 1/53.

53 is a self number, since it cannot be formed as the sum of any integer and its digits.

The 54th Day of the Year:
54 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of 3 squares in 3 ways.(Well, go on, find all three ways!)
And the 54th Prime Number, is the smallest number expressible as the sum of 3 cubes in 3 ways.  *Prime Curios

There are 54 ways to draw six circles  through all the points on a 6x6 lattice. *gotmath.com

54 is the fourth Leyland number, after mathematician Paul Leyland. Leyland numbers are numbers of the form $$x^y + y^x$$ where x,y are both integers greater than 1.

And the Sin(54o) is one-half the golden ratio.

Of course, we should add that  the Rubiks Cube has 54 squares.

The 55th Day of the Year:
55 is the largest triangular number that appears in the Fibonacci Sequence. (Is there a largest square number?)

55 is also a Kaprekar Number: 55² = 3025 and 30 + 25 = 55 (Thanks to Jim Wilder)

And speaking of 52, Everyone knows that 32 + 42 = 52, but did you know that 332 + 442 = 552 But after that, there could be no more.... right? I mean, that's just too improbable, so why is he still going on like this? You don't think......Nah.

55 is the only year day that is both a non-trivial base ten palindrome and also a palindrome in base four.

Every number greater than 55 is the sum of distinct primes of the form 4n + 3. *Prime Curios  Someone help me out here.  If this is true, then since 55=37 + 13 + 5 , should this say greater than or equal to 55?

55 is a square pyramidal number, the sum of the squares of the first 5 positive integers.

The first squared square was published in 1938 by Roland Sprague who found a solution using several copies of various squared rectangles and produced a squared square with 55 squares, and side lengths of 4205
No squared square can be made with less than 21 squares *Wik

The 56th Day of the Year:
There are 56 normalized 5x5 Latin Squares (First row and column have 1,2,3,4,5; and no number appears twice in a row or column. There are a much smaller number of 4x4 squares, try them first)

56 is the sum of the first six triangular numbers (56= 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 21) and thus the sixth tetrahedral number.

56 is also the sum of six consecutive primes. 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17

56 letters are required to write the famous prime number 6700417 in English. The number was one of the factors of $$F(5)=2^{2^5}+1$$ Fermat had conjectured that all such "Fermat Numbers" were prime. In 1732, Euler showed that F(5) was the product or 641 times 6700417. Euler never stated that both numbers were prime, and historians still disagree about whether he knew, or even suspected, that it was.

56 is the maximum determinant in an 8 by 8 matrix of zeroes and ones.

If you multiply all the composite numbers up to and including 56, and add one, you get a prime number...... with 56 digits.*Prime Curios

56 can be expressed as the sum of two primes in two different ways using only numbers that end in 3.

There are 56 ways to express 11 as the sum of positive integers

Fifty-Six, Arkansas is a city in Stone County in North Central Arkansas.  When founding the community in 1918, locals submitted the name "Newcomb" for the settlement. This request was rejected, and the federal government internally named the community for its school district number (56).*Wik.

The 57th Day of the Year:
57(base ten) is written with all ones in base seven. It is the last day this year that can be written in base seven with all ones.(What is the last day of the year that can be written with all ones in base two,... base three?) 57 is the maximum number of regions inside a circle formed by chords connecting 7 points on the circle. Students might ask themselves why this is the same as the first five numbers in the sixth row of Pascal's triangle. 57 is the number of permutations of the numbers 1 to 6 in which exactly 1 element is greater than the previous element (called a permutations with 1 "ascents"). 57 is the maximum number of possible interior regions formed by 8 intersecting circles. The number of ways of coloring the faces of a cube with 3 different colors is 57. For coloring a cube with n colors, the number of possible colorings is given by
57, is sometimes known as Grothendieck's prime.  The explanation is given in Amir D. Aczel's last book, Finding Zero.  Grothendieck had used primes as a framework on which to build some more general result when:

Among the first 1000 primes, more numbers end in 57 than any other two digit ending.

57 is the third year day which remains prime if a 5 is inserted anywhere in its digits except at the end.  Can you find the smaller pair?  And it's the sixth year day which can have a 7 inserted anywhere, including at the end, so 757, 577 are both prime.

57 is a repdigit in base 7, $$57_{10}= 111_7$$

The 58th Day of the Year:
58 is  the sum of the first seven prime numbers.

It is the fourth smallest Smith Number. (Find the first three. A Smith number is a composite number for which the sum of its digits equals the sum of the digits in its prime factorization, including repetition. 58 = 2*29, and 5+8= 2+2+9.) Smith numbers were named by Albert Wilansky of Lehigh University. He noticed the property in the phone number (493-7775) of his brother-in-law Harold Smith. 58 is also the smallest Smith Numer with the sum of it's digits prime. And the two digits and their sum form consecutive Fibonacci numbers.

If you take the number 2, square it, and continue to take the sum of the squares of the digits of the previous answer, you get the sequence 2, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, 145, 42, 20, 4, and then it repeats.  See what happens if you start with other values than 2, and see if you can find one that doesn't produce 58.

The Greeks knew 220 and 284 were Amicable in 300 BCE. By 1638 two more pairs had been added. Then, in 1750 in a single paper, Euler added 58 more.

The 59th Day of the Year:
59 is the center prime number in a 3x3 prime magic square that has the smallest possible total for each row, column and diagonal, 177. It was reportedly found by Rudolf Ondrejka. In 1913, English puzzle writer Henry Dudeney gave an order 3 prime magic square that used the number 1. Although is was commonly included as a prime then,  present day convention no longer considers it a prime.

The letters I, L, and X in Roman numerals can only be used three different ways, all three are prime numbers. LIX evaluates to be 59.

59 is the sum of three consecutive primes, 17 + 19 + 23 = 59

59 divides the smallest composite Euclid number 13# + 1= 13*11*7*5*2 + 1 = 59*509  (the symbol for a primorial,  n#, means the product of all primes from n down to 2)Euclid used numbers of the form n#+1 in his proof  that there are an infinite number of primes.

And at the right is one of the 59 stellations of the icosahedron.

Now for some nice observations from Derek Orr@MathYearRound: 5^59 - 4^59 is prime.
4^59 - 3^59 is prime.
3^59 - 2^59 is prime.

Four Amicable Number pairs were known before Euler, He found 59 pairs. *Prime Curios (OK, a page at Princeton by William Dunham says he found 58, and Wolfram Alpha says he found 60. Pick your favorite.)

Fun Time!  If you use the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 in order and seperate digits by * or +, the smallest prime you can get is 59.  What other primes can you produce?

The first 59 digits of 58^57 form a prime.

The 60th Day of the Year:
60 is the smallest composite number which is the order of a simple group.

60 is the smallest number that is the sum of two odd primes in 6 ways.(Collect the whole set)

The final digits of the Fibonacci sequence have period 60. F(n) and F(n+60) both end in the same digit.

7! is the smallest # with 60 divisors.

If you list all the divisors of numbers less than, and relatively prime to 60, they are either prime, a power of a prime, or 1. 60 is the largest number for which this is true. *Prime Curios

60 is the largest known integer for which which can not be expressed by three distinct primes in the form p*q+r

There are four Archimedean solids with 60 vertices , : the truncated icosahedron, the rhombicosidodecahedron, the snub dodecahedron, and the truncated dodecahedron.

Oh, and Pi day is coming up in a couple of weeks, so ... suppose you were scrolling through the digits of pi and wondered how long it would take until you found a string of ten digits that had all ten of 0 through nine in it... Benjamin Vitale ‏@BenVitale thought to find out and :
You can arrange the whole numbers from 1 to 60 into pairs so that the sum of the numbers in each pair is a perfect square; in fact, you can do it in   4,366,714 ways. Here is one of those presented in a pretty fashion using only five squares for the sums. *Gordon Hamilton, Kiran S. Kedlaya, and Henri Picciotto; Square–Sum Pair Partitions(Won the George Polya Prize from MAA for 2016)